Stem Research Stem Cell Research - 1692 Words

Stem Cell Research As stem cell research progresses, it is essential that we think about the issues encompassing our future. One of the exceptionally debated topics, stem cell research, is gathering a lot of information. Stem cell research is as of now is legal in many nations. The united states, regularly a pioneer in all things new and energizing is one of the last to investigate this topic. As this sort of examination continues advancing, as citizens, we will in all likely need to vote on it. It influences the majority of our lives, in many different ways. A large portion of us knows at least one individual with diabetes, Alzheimer s, or Parkinson s. Perhaps, sadly, you may confront one of these illnesses eventually in your life. It is essential to think about issues like stem cell research , which can help many people all over the world. Stem cell research is turning into an issue that may have the likelihood to one day transform many of our lives and the way we live. The issue is faced each day in research facilities all way across the world as researchers consider the results and advantages of their work. Stem cell research is also an issue highly debated inside the church, with people of various religions, even a hefty portion of the same, coming together to create different opinions and values. Many people are finding that the more they think about stem cell research , the less certain they are about the ethical and moral conclusions. In order toShow MoreRelatedStem Research On Stem Cell Research1747 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 111-36 25 November 2014 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research has cultivated a new, miraculous study in the health field. The study has led to an increase in curing diseases over the past couple of decades. Before stem cell research, diseases were destroying and devastating lives continuously on end. With the use of stem cells in modern time, diseases are no longer taking control of lives. The innovation in biomedical technology, such as stem cell research, has greatly impacted the understandingRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1271 Words   |  6 Pages! ! ! Stem Cells Research ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Jabaree Shipp English III NCVPS Mrs.Gallos 8, December 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Throughout most of our lifetime on Earth many have pondered the thought of how they and the things around them have been created. They wondered what makes grass grow to what makes themselves grow mentally and physically. Through extensive research and major advancements in technology over these years, decades, and centuries we still have no answer to our own questions. But, we do howeverRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1318 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as Stem Cell Research (SCR). Stem Cell Research is a relatively new field that has shown much promise to help deal with hundreds of different conditions and diseases. Though this astounding field holds the key to saving thousands of lives, there is a misguided ethical problem with Stem Cell Research raised by the church. The church only focuses on one aspect of harvesting stem cells when there is more than one way to get stem cells. This isn’t the only thing that is holding SCR back. Stem CellRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1530 Words   |  7 PagesHiga Capstone 2 October, 2014 Stem Cell Beats Ethic Issues Stem cell research is the most controversial topic in the health field since abortion. Stem cell research however, has the potential to unlock an infinite amount of possibilities as well be the key to curing patients with terminal illnesses. Many people from around the world have their opinions on this type of research dealing with ethics, politics, and religion. The most efficient way to study stem cells is taking them from donated embryosRead MoreStem Research On Stem Cell Research1212 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Jason Bernard BIOL-10000 July 26, 2015 Introduction In this essay, I hope to analyze both sides of the debate, and also learn more about the topic and share that information. Prior to researching this topic, I feel that any research that can help prevent or cure diseases, than the research should receive full funding and support. What Are Stem Cells? Stem cells were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr. James Till and Dr. Ernest McCulloch, professors at the University of TorontoRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1338 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain, muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from any other cell in theRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells941 Words   |  4 PagesStem cells have the extraordinary power to develop into several body cell types during early growth and development. (Stem Cell Basics). Stem cells are either embryonic: from a human fetus, or somatic: from an adult (Stem Cell Basics).These cells can be used to rebuild body tissue, treat diseases, and even cure others. They can be more effective in treatment of illness than the common treatment, such as therapy or medication. Stem cells a re potentially more medically effective than traditional treatmentsRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cells And Stem Cell Research1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnonspecialized cells which have the potential to create other types of specific cells in order to survive? Those cells are called Stem Cells and they are very crucial to develop organisms. Stem cell research is a subject that most people in the world have a different viewpoint on. Some view the issue of stem cell research and stem cell therapy as morally wrong and a crime against humanity, others view the study of stem cells as the next step in modern science (Reeve.) I think in some twisted way, stem cellRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1261 Words   |  6 Pagescure diseases. Now we have stem cell therapy. Stem cells promise future cures for many currently considered to be â€Å"incurable† diseases, but with more research, we can overcome the controversy surrounding this this topic and help people live longer, improve their quality of life, and save many many lives. To understand the big hype about stem cells, one must know what a stem cell is. Stem cells have specialized functions that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body. According to

Essay on Teen Pregnancy - 2594 Words

â€Å"Each year in the U.S. almost one million teenagers become pregnant--at enormous costs to themselves, their children, and society†. (Pregnant Teen Help, Teen Pregnancy Statistics) Some would argue that teen pregnancy is all glorified. Other individuals would protest that it is too influential. Teen pregnancy is a rising social problem in the United States and among other countries. Teen pregnancy is now being publicized as multi media corporations, with shows such as â€Å"16 ump; Pregnant†, â€Å"Teen Mom†, â€Å"Maury†, â€Å"Secret Life of the American Teenager†, and â€Å"Juno†. All of which concentrate on teen pregnancy. These shows or movies could be informational for young people. However, the shows display an altered reality that teen pregnancy is easy,†¦show more content†¦Help is here. Help and support is everywhere, you just need to know where to look. The organization â€Å"The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy† is a great place to start. There website has short video clips, statistics and a place to feel welcome. Their mission is to seek and improve the well being of the children, the young mother and the families. The National Campaign feels that it is important because teen pregnancy and also unplanned pregnancy for that matter among young adults is part of the root of the problems to important public issues, and ultimately social challenges. Their part and role in this problem is to work in the areas that need the most help. For example: to strengthen the cultures assumptions of personal responsibilities regarding sex, getting pregnant and most importantly bring a child into this world. They also support the use of contraception’s and provide the proper information of the different techniques. (National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, About Us) Ultimately the National Campaign provides more and better education to the teens that this a ffects such as the parents, the young adults; everyone, and anyone who could be affected by this social problem. Another suggestion besides The National Campaign is â€Å"Advocates for Youth†. They are an organization that is publically funded. Like the National Campaign their mission is to help young people make informed and responsible decisionsShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy1426 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Teen pregnancy is often unplanned and challenging for the future life of mother and child. The increase risk of health problems for both mother and baby occur during teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy impacts adolescent development in all aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Negative consequences result from teen pregnancy include: low income, increased school dropout rates, lower educational levels, and increased rates of substance abuse (Garwood, Gerassi, ReidRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that annually about 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth. Indeed, in many countries policies and programs are developed and implemented for the prevention of teen pregnancy and reduction of risks and consequences it might cause. Furthermore, that a teenager becomes pregnant poses a risk to her health, her life and the fetusRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1246 Words   |  5 PagesA topic in American society that has proved to be an ongoing, and growing issue is that none other than teen pregnancy. In recent years, teen pregnancy rates have been increasing, which ultimately led to the topics increase of public and media attention. In American society teen pregnancy is often associated with negligence, as well as being irresponsible. In American society sex education for children is underdeveloped and instead society tends to use fear and shame to highlight/combat the dangersRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreTeen Pregnancy : Teenage Pregnancy1404 Words   |  6 PagesLauryn Jones Block 5 4/27/16 What is Teen Pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20. A girl can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate which can be before her first menstrual period, but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. In well-nourished girls, menarche usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13. Most teenage girls don t plan to get pregnant, but many do. Teen pregnancies carry extra health risks to both the motherRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1057 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a common thing here in America. It seems teens are getting pregnant more than the average married couple. There are some risk factors teen moms face and there is also another great turn outs. There is a major difference between the two. It’s important to tell teens the turnouts of teen pregnancy for the good and bad parts. There are risks of having sex, teen moms can make a difference for her and the baby, the risk of having HIV and/or any other STD’s, and the effects on theRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a prominent dilemma in our nation because it continues to place adolescents into delinquency. According to the United States Health and Human Services, three out of ten American teen girls will become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of twenty. That is nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies in a year (1) (HHS Pg.2 2014). Also according to U.S. Department of State, teen pregnancy budgets the United States and tax payers approximately seven billion dollars annually (2)Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1664 Words   |  7 PagesTerrazas English 4 Miss Stahlecker 4 November 2015 Teenage Pregnancy According to cda.org, in 2013, a total of 273,105 babies were born to women that were in between the ages of 15-19 years old. Teenage pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society. This paper will talk about teenage pregnancy, statistics, ways to prevent teenage pregnancy, and after birth options. So why is teenage pregnancy so important? Some people are concerned about teens getting pregnant at such an early age. There are otherRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Teens1643 Words   |  7 PagesEvery teen has dream about how they want to graduate from high school and then go to college, but some teens are not willing to take the challenge. Some of these teens want to drop out of high school and other teens want to keep furthering their education. For some there are obstacle that life throw at them to be able to accomplish their goals. Earning an education is challenging enough, but when there is a teen parent trying to finish their education it becomes more difficult than it would beRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy905 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"16 and Pregnant†/ â€Å"Teen Mom† Promote or Discourage Teenage Pregnancy? (Agree/Promote) When it comes to the topic of do TV shows like â€Å"16 and Pregnant† and â€Å"Teen Mom† promote or discourage teenage pregnancy, most of us will readily agree that it in fact does promote teenage pregnancy. Where this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of how does this promote teenage pregnancy. Whereas some are convinced that it promotes teenage pregnancy through the fame some of the young couples have

Managing Employee Attention And Branding â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Managing Employee Attention And Branding? Answer: Introduction: This hotel group started their business with two small style hotel which is situated in Australia. Over a time of 15 years, it has developed to now include a chain of 20 hotel crosswise over 5 unique nations in the Australasian region. In each association labor arranging and endorse spending the fundamental criteria for recruitment and choice of competitors. For this organization selection criteria is exceptionally straightforward regarding choosing perfect individual candidates. The international hotel Group have now utilized 1000 staff in full time, low maintenance and easygoing positions (Hussain, et al., 2016). The Head Office, situated in Melbourne, houses the administration group for the gathering. In every organization recruiting manager first need to discuss the requirements and vacant position in organization, and recruitment and selection procedure for the new employee. In hotel group, the post of the customer service manager will be free soon. So the strategy of the hotel group is to hire some experienced and qualified candidates for the desired position. The hotel group is thinking to expand their business because of the demand of the hotel group clients. The procedure of recruitment and selection in the hotel group is the composition of the workforce diversity and transparent recruitment process. Workforce diversity at the workplace: The term workforce diversity introduces the diversity in organization in form of age, gender, culture of the employees. The workforce diversity in workplace builds a competitive and a strong environment among the employees in the hotel group. The diversity in the organization helps to employee to interact and communicate with each another, this will help the employee to enhance their communication skills, exchanging the ideas, thoughts, and their experience (Kulik, et al., 2014). This technique helps the hotel group to build a responsible environment among the employees. The workforce diversity helps the employee to show their hidden talent and also beneficial in the growth of hotel group. The benefits of workforce diversity in hotel group: Introduce the perception and ideas of the employees (Cromheecke, et al., 2014). Equality in candidates Fairness decision with employees in the hotel group It helps to remove all kind of diversity as such age, gender, culture among the employee. Employee work with more enthusiastically. All candidates work in team try to achieve the target on time in the hotel group. Workforce diversity helps to create more productive atmosphere in the hotel group (Carpenter, 2014) Procedure of the recruitment, selection and introduction of the candidate in hotel group: The process of the recruitment: Now a days every employee wants to work with a brand organization for the growth of themselves. The international hotel group is an organization, which is the part of international hotel chains. These hotels are situated in most of the country. For the vacant position of the customer service manager, the management of the hotel group announced the vacancy on their official websites (Sivertzen, et al., 2013). The hotel group also give the opportunities to their internal employee to upgrade the position. And a desired candidates could apply easily for the vacant position via the filling job form from the website or via he can do walk in to the hotel group office directly. And the capable candidate will get select for the desired position. This technique of the recruitment consume the time and money, this recruitment technique also gives the candidate to show their hidden talent and boost up their skills and confidence. The management team of the hotel group also have the right that, th ey can select the candidate without taking any interview or other selection procedure according to his or her performance criteria. The nominated candidate will be announced by the team leaders for the desired job position, this procedure comes under the internal job recruitment of the hotel employee (Sivertzen, et al., 2013). There are two procedure of the recruitment which is internal and external (Bock, et al., 2014). In the external procedure, the hotel group need to expand the big amount of money in the promotions as such advertisement, posters, announcement for the vacant positions in the organization, to hire the desired candidate for the multiple vacant position. In the colleges and universities, the procedure of the placement for the students are been done by walk in or write in. these procedure of recruitment are known as the external recruitment too. To select the appropriate candidate for the desired position, colleges pasted a notice on the websites, city walks to attract the huge number of candidates. The process of the Selection: The whole procedure of the selection and recruitment is done by the HR team and senior management team to select the capable candidate for the desired position. This procedure is help to improve the growth of hotel group. In the selection procedure, there are two methods are used to select the capable candidate, in the first approach HR team examine the behavior of the candidates, disciplinary action, the adjustability to settle in the new environment of the hotel group. This all are help to settle down the candidates in the new environment and to showcase their skills and talent for the desired position his/her selection is been done (Garnero, et al., 2014). The candidate who is selected for the desired position, he should fit in the organization environment. The other approach of the selection is based on the job requirement of the organization. The selected candidate perform adequately for which he is select. To perform these two methods of selection the HR team of the hotel group made many steps including personal interview, aptitude test, and group discussion round. The main focus of the HR team, is to select the candidate who is easily fulfilling the requirement of both approaches. The hotel group will select an appropriate and skilled candidate for the vacant position in the hotel. The last discussion has been done by the senior managers of the management that which candidates are been selected (Jonsen, et al., 2013). Process of Introduction: The selected candidates have been welcomed by the HR manager of the company. The responsibility of the HR is to introduce the new candidates to every one in the company. The HR manager will tell the new candidates about the company and their job responsibilities. The HR manager performs the role of the mediator between the candidate and the company. The Hr manager will provide the things as such uniforms, Id cards to the new staff of the hotel group. And he will explain the work procedure of the hotel to the newly recruited staff. Action Plan of the Hotel Group: Action plan of any organization include the all three methods Recruitment, selection and introduction of the candidates (Chaneta, 2014): Recruitment Process: Approval from Senior manager Write the position description in details The senior manager will decide that whether approval to recruit is given or not. Strategy of Recruitment process Senior manager will discuss the sourcing strategy with line manager. HR team will arrange the proper promotion which may include: advertising by Internal, external, sourcing, newspaper, trade publications, and use of recruitment consultancy (Liu, et al., 2017). Use of Recruitment consultancy or outsourcing Senior manager with line manager will decide that external recruitment agencies is required or not. Selection process: Selection process Panel of selection should be consist between 2 or 4 people. At least one panel member must be from the senior management. All interviews should be conducted in fair manner. Documentation Selection panel must submit all the documents related to selection and recruitment as such resumes, mark sheets, references etc. Checking of references Telephone interview should conduct by the line manager to offer employment. Selection of Candidates Rejection letter for unsuccessful candidate should not be send with short listed candidates. Salary discussion will be determined by the senior manager (Sirianni, et al., 2013). Introduction process: Organization orientation New candidates will welcomed by HR and team with the employment document Introduction by Line Manger Introduction about the all staff members. Explanation of work and probation requirement (Bellou, et al., 2015). Issuing the required uniform. Recruitment and Selection policies: The strategy of the hotel group includes May factors as such benchmarks, standards, regulations, terms and conditions, policies, which develop the smoothing working environment in the hotel group. These all factors should be followed by the HR team to get the targets, goals with the help of the employee. In every organization, they have their own strategies to get the targets and for better results and to perform all the activities in a proper manner with hotel staff. These policies measure the terms and conditions of the hotel group. While performing the procedure of selection and recruitment process the HR manager should be very fair with everyone, they should not hire the candidates for their benefits, or on the basis of the diversity (Shackleton, 2015). Evaluation of the procedure of recruitment and selection: Selection and recruitment are the methods through which any organization identifies the recruitments and appointments of the capable employee to get the specific goal in the market. By this process, employee work very enthusiastically which help the organization to achieve the heights of success (McGraw, 2013). Every HR manager should select the capable candidate which is suitable for the desired post and fit easily in the environment of the organization. The advertisement of the vacant position by the hotel group should not be done to get the bulk of the candidates it should be done for to get experienced and an appropriate candidate who fulfill the job requirements. HR will do his duty in a fair manner if the management of the hotel group has all control of all activities. Future Recommendation: The future plans of the international hotel group is to expand their organization into new area, as such possibly comforting landmass, New Zealand, and Indonesia/Malaysia (Theurer, et al., 2016). The Primary expansion will be in New Zealand in the next coming 12 months. By giving the valuable services the international hotel group is planning for conference facilities in hotel for small conferences. Conclusion: In every organization, the HR manager, and senior managers have the responsibility to select the appropriate candidate for the desired position. The candidate should fulfill the requirement of the job position. Every organization selects the candidate with a specific procedure. Which include recruitment and selection of the candidates, so that every eligible candidate can get the desired job post. References: Bock, D. E., Poole, S. M., Joseph, M. (2014). Does branding impact student recruitment: a critical evaluation. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 24(1), 11-21. Carpenter, D. (2014). Reputation and power: organizational image and pharmaceutical regulation at the FDA. Princeton University Press. Chaneta, I. (2014). Recruitment and Selection. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 4(2), 289. Cromheecke, S., Van Hoye, G., Lievens, F. (2014). Beyond intention: organizational image and job advertisements as predictors of application decisions. In 74th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. Garnero, A., Kampelmann, S., Rycx, F. (2014). The heterogeneous effects of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and profits. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 53(3), 430-477. Hussain, I. A., Ishak, N. A., Daud, N., Yunus, N. (2016). Impact of Organizational Image in Determining the Level of Engagement Among Commercial Banks Employees. In Proceedings of the 1st AAGBS International Conference on Business Management 2014 (AiCoBM 2014) (pp. 117-126). Springer, Singapore. Jonsen, K., Tatli, A., zbilgin, M. F., Bell, M. P. (2013). The tragedy of the uncommons: Reframing workforce diversity. Human Relations, 66(2), 271-294. McGraw, P. (2013). Recruitment and selection. na, 205. Shackleton, V. (2015). Recruitment and Selection. Elements of Applied Psychology, 153. Kulik, C. T., Ryan, S., Harper, S., George, G. (2014). Aging populations and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), 929-935. Schrder, H., Muller?Camen, M., Flynn, M. (2014). The management of an ageing workforce: organisational policies in Germany and Britain.Human Resource Management Journal,24(4), 394-409. Liu, G., Ko, W. W., Chapleo, C. (2017). Managing employee attention and internal branding.Journal of Business Research,79, 1-11. Theurer, C. P., Tumasjan, A., Welpe, I. M., Lievens, F. (2016). Employer Branding: A Brand Equity?based Literature Review and Research Agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews. Bellou, V., Chaniotakis, I., Kehagias, I., Rigopoulou, I. (2015). Employer Brand of Choice: an employee perspective.Journal of Business Economics and Management,16(6), 1201-1215. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Sivertzen, A. M., Nilsen, E. R., Olafsen, A. H. (2013). Employer branding: employer attractiveness and the use of social media.Journal of Product Brand Management,22(7), 473-483.

Develop of Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Develop of Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale. Answer: Measuring instrument: Central Sensitizing Inventory (CSI) Central sensitization is a physiological situation of the nervous system in which, the chronic pain is developed and maintained. In this situation, the neurons of the central nervous system becomes hyperactiveand both the noxious and non-noxious stimuli becomes hypersensitive. During this, the nerves stimulus becomes persistent and this is the prime cause of pain in individuals. This phenomenon persists even after healing of the injury and it persists for a longer time. There is a group of syndromes that is known as central sensitivity syndrome such as irritable bowel pain, fibromyalgia, acute fatigue and central sensitization is one of the common etiologies for these disorders. To understand the level of pain in the patients suffering from such chronic pain, several quantitative tool has been developed (Kregel et al., 2016). According to the research of Smart et al. (2012), a cross sectional study was employed in patients with low back pain and referred for physiotherapy. After that a clinical criteria checklist containing two parts were filled by the 15 selected physicians. After filling those 38 sign and symptom-based checklist, the patients were given results with no pain and central sensitization of pain criteria. A minimum 464 subjects were selected after meeting little clinical and subjective inclusion or exclusion requirements, within which 256 were selected for nociceptive pain, 102 were selected for peripheral neuropathic pain and 106 were selected for central sensitization pain. Data screening and univariate analyses were done, in order to exclude nondiscriminatory symptoms and signs. Results were analyzed using a subsequent analysis using binary logistic regression, CSP versus non-CSP graph (Smart et al., 2012). Therefore, to perform the tests for CSI, very less instruments are needed and those instruments are easily available for the physiotherapists. To perform the test for CSI, minimum time is required as the physiotherapist will examine the pati ents symptoms and signs of pain and will fill a 38-question checklist. This test can be performed by physiotherapists, general physicians and experienced registered nurses. According to another research project by Scerbo et al. (2017), Using CSI tool for the determination of the pain level in patients suffering from chronic pain is easier and compact qualitative results are obtained from this measuring instrument. Measuring instrument: Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale Central sensitization is one of the prime reason for chronic pain in individuals suffering from disorders such as fibromyalgia, acute osteoporosis and others. There are several interventions has been developed for the measurement and identification of this amplified pain, and those measuring instruments are known as pain measuring scales. Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale (SHS) is one of such scales that are utilized to measure pain. The scale measures the level of pain by comparing state of normal people and people affected with pain. In this test, nine sensory modalities such as taste, touch, smell, hearing, allergies, pain, light, heat and cold are measured and compared with others (normal or patients affected with chronic pain). Further, a 25 questionnaire containing 25 questions were filled and analyzed by physiotherapist to determine the level of pain. According to the experiments of Mayer et al. (2012), SHS is one of the best measuring instrument for identification and measuremen t of pain. Dixon et al. (2017) developed procedure for the development of the SHS tool and for that; they conducted five studies for different aspects of the SHS scale. All the patients were named as normal in the study and all of the participants were provided with a 25-question containi8ng questionnaire. These questionnaires were prepared depending on the pain level and assessment needs and the response of each participant was assessed by an independent assessor (Mayer et al., 2012). The study 1 was to develop the questionnaire; study 2 examined the internal reliability of the scale, study 3 and 4 to develop validity, and 5 to re-access every information needed. The test was performed on patients having chronic pain syndromes and they were to answer 25 close-ended questions about their pain. The result compared the pain scores of those patients with that of the normal patients to determine the level of pain. The test needed minimal time to perform the measurement and less number o f instruments is needed for that. As in the experiment by Ang et al. (2011), the test was performed by a group of general physicians and the procedure does not require any prior training, general physicians, registered nurses, practice assistant, physiotherapist can perform the test. Measuring instrument: Fibro Problem Scale (FPS) Fibromyalgia syndrome is a complex disorder that possesses tenderness, acute pain and its symptoms are associated with other numerous syndromes such as depression, anxiety and fatigue, cognitive dysfunctioning and stiffness of muscles. There are several reasons 40 occurrence of fibromyalgia in individuals over 30 year of age such as neurological, physiological, genetic, traumatic and hormonal. The measuring scale was developed for the measuring of the level of pain in patients and it is known as Fibro Problem Scale (Neblett et al., 2015). FPS has a particular importance in patients who are affected with rheumatoid pains and according to the assessments, maximum of the patients are affected with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic syndromes with inflammatory disorders. The FPS scale primarily determines the measurements of 5 typical symptoms of the fibromyalgia, these are fatigue, fog and function, insomnia, blues, rigidity and Ow which is also known as pain and tenderness. Boomershine ( 2015) conducted a research to identify and measure the fibromyalgia related pain in patients and the measurement process includes a questionnaire that need to be filled by the patients about their level and status of pain in past few weeks. The scores obtained buy each of the patients were analyzed and was put in different categories. This FPS scale is divided into ten categories in which Zero determines no problem or the patients does not possess any fibromyalgia related problem in his/her body and Ten determines totally disabling problem or the patient is suffering from high risk for disability. Researchers provided a form containing 10 dimensions to each of these fibromyalgia patients and the patients had to fill each of these categories depending on the level of the pain they are feeling. The patients were to assess their own symptoms, and pain level by choosing options in the form (Boomershine, 2015). The procedure of the test took minimal time for the researchers and the diffi culty level was low. The patients conduct this test, as they will be filling up the forms about their status of pain.Therefore, no further training or experience is required for the staff. Hence, the test can be monitored by any of the authorities such as general physician, practice assistant, registered nurse and physiotherapists. Measuring instrument for Cortisol level in saliva The level of cortisol in saliva can be used as a screening test for a wide array of disorders including hypercortisolism, Oesophageal Visceral Hypersensitivity (OVH) and functional heartburn. The measuring technique used to determine the level of electrical activity generated by the neurons of those areas and the technique is known as CEP or cortical evoked potentials. This technique measures and generated the integrity of the sensory pathway. It represents a sequence of negative and positive voltage changes and further provides the sensory information. The level of cortical can be used to identify the oesophageal balloon distension and perfusing of acid. There are several research has been conducted about the level of cortical used to identify the level of hypersensitivity. The research conducted by Yang et al. (2006) conducted the test in 21 right-handed patients affected with functional heartburn. These patients have a long history of heartburn and the heartburn was characterized in them with pain sensation behind their chest bone. All the patients were asked for consent about the study as they were stopped providing with medication, proton pump inhibitors, anti-secretory medications and H2 receptor antagonists from 2 weeks prior to the research. The human research review committee reviewed this study and an adapted multi-lumen catheter united with manometer, acid-perfusion and balloon-distention was used to access the level of cortical. Stepwise distension protocol was used to understand the first sensitization of the pain and further the process was repeated 192 times to obtain the average value of the stimuli. Cortical evoked potentials were registered using scalp electrodes and for that, the process was analyzed using the recommendations of 10-20 international systems. One electrode was positioned on the forehead and another was positioned on the left ear of the subjects. At every stimulation, the epoch data that is the tolerance level was recorded. All recordings were displayed according to the common neurophysiological convention. The CEP data were assessed and analyzed by an autonomous operator who was experienced in neurophysiological analysis (Yang et al., 2006). Statistical result was further implemented the perception threshold and the level of pain was compared for every patient with the standard. The test process took 24 hours to be completed and needed trained and experienced physicians to continue the process (Generaal et al., 2014).Therefore, only general physicians and physiotherapists having proper knowledge of the process can continue the measurement procedure. The cost of the measuring instruments are high as measuring electrical impulses needs modern and advanced technology. Therefore, the test requires much more time and capital to be performed and the results obtain from those results can be helpful in measurement and identification of electrical impulses that leads to functional heartburn in patients. Measuring instrument: Condition Pain Modulation Condition Pain Modulation (CPM) is used to determine the endogenous capacity of analgesia in healthy as well as pain-affected patients. There are several methodology that are used to understand the elicit CPMresponses and such measuring scale uses different physiological stimulations such as tonic phase stimulation that determine the slower movement of muscles. Further, there are several other stimulations present in this category that determines the pain of cardiac disease and arterial occlusion.The scale, which is used to determine these two are painful occlusion cuff inflation scale and Ischemic stimulation. According to Hilgenberg?Sydney et al. (2016), the researchers took quantitative sensory testing model to determine the sensitivity level in patients and initially 613 volunteer femaleswere chosen for the analysis. Further exclusion criteria such as usage of analgesics, having neurological disabilities were excluded and then only 80 women were selected for the process and were divided into four segments. CPM test was performed with each of the patient. The pressure pain threshold was determined by algometer. Further, mechanical pain threshold, ischemic pain threshold and cold pressure pain threshold was also determined and a table with data containing all the statistical analysis was presented. Each test session for every subject was performed by the same assessor and the sequence of the tests was determined by draw. However, the IPT and CPM tests were performed last because of their implications in pain modulation. Three special regions were assessed in each patient, for each test such as the body of the masseter muscle at pain side or at the most painful side, named trigeminal (TG) zone; the cervical (CV) zone, at C1 and C2 level at the pain side or at the most painful side; and the thenar eminence in the palm of the non-dominant hand that was named extra trigeminal (ET) zone. Higher score in the pain threshold determined the pain level in patients. Fro m the research, it was understood that the instrumentation of this measuring instrument are difficult to use and need experience or training for application. Further, the cost of the instrumentation are high. Therefore, general physicians, physiotherapists and registered nurses having experience of conducting such test are eligible to conduct such test (La Touche et al., 2017). Measuring instrument for sympathetic functionality It is known that the determination of the functional characteristics is collected from the responses of the organs and the researchers are aiming to estimate such systematic nerve activity. These nerve activities are helpful in determination of activities that lead to cardiac diseases, sympathetic skin responses and the processes that are used to determine the heart rate variability analysis. The heart rate variability analysis helps to access the autonomic cardiac regulation and this is done through the quantification of sinus rhythm variability. The lower band derived from this determined physiological oscillation compared to the normal heart rate. The measures that are used to determine this phenomenon are Average of NN intervals, standard deviation of all NN intervals and many more. The research from Van Oosterwijck et al. (2017), determined that central sensitization is one of the major reasons of feeling of pain and in whiplash patients, is the reason of development and mainten ance of pain. The researchers conducted a systematic review to understand the level of pain in patients with such syndrome and compared it with normal people. The inclusion criteria was, patients should not be disabled and should have developed pain after any trauma. These inclusion criteria included 24 articles and 22 of them were included to understand the methodology for the sensitizing process. The researchers performed several tests such as tilt table testing to detect the light head due to the occurrence of acute pain, sympathetic skin response and so on. The researchers used six stimulations to identify the functionality. Deep tissue stimulation (Using algometry and mechanical stimuli), nerve and skin tissue stimulation (using pressure algometry in skin and muscle tissue), Thermal stimuli (using pain thresholds), Electrical stimuli (Electrical stimulation bypasses peripheral receptors), Injections or local anesthetics (to examine the role of nociceptive input), Sympathetic Va soconstrictor (to understand the involvement of in chronic whiplash-associated disorders). The results were statistically analyzed and further calculations were made based on that result (Van Oosterwijck et al., 2017). The tilt table test according to Chalayeet al. (2014), this test helps to understand the blood pressure and flow of blood through arteries and heart rate, which is responsible for the light head symptoms. Sympathetic skin responses are also used in the research to identify the level of acute pain due to different kind of stimuli. The result form the research determined that central sensitization was the prime reason behind the pain stimuli of the patient and mechanical pressure was the reason behind it. The tilt table test determined the low blood flow during the situation and the sensory testing was positive as the nerve stimuli was generating severe pain in patients. The test procedure for this sensory testing took less time in the research and the difficulty of the process was very low. Further, the determination of the tests requires training and experience as statistical analysis was dependent of the nerve stimulus. Therefore general physicians, registered nurses and assistant practitioners were able to perform the task. The cost of the procedure was average and therefore, any healthcare organization can start utilizing this technique for future prospects (Pfau et al., 2014). References Ang, D. C., Chakr, R., France, C. R., Mazzuca, S. A., Stump, T. E., Hilligoss, J., Lengerich, A. (2011). 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